Civil and Political Rights, often referred to as "First Generation Rights," are the subset of human rights that protect individual freedoms from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.
These rights are primarily codified at the international level in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966.
Core Components of Civil Rights
Civil rights focus on the "physical and mental integrity" of the person. They include:
Right to Life (Article 6, ICCPR):
Freedom from Torture (Article 7, ICCPR):
Right to Liberty and Security (Article 9, ICCPR): Freedom of Movement (Article 12, ICCPR):
Core Components of Political Rights
Political rights focus on the individual’s role as a member of a political community. They include:
Freedom of Expression (Article 19, ICCPR): T
Freedom of Assembly and Association (Articles 21 & 22, ICCPR):
Right to Vote and Participate (Article 25, ICCPR):
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