International organizations like WIPO and agreements like TRIPS recognize the following primary forms of IP:
Patents: Protection for technical inventions.
Trademarks: Protection for brand names, logos, and signs.
Copyright & Related Rights: Protection for literary, artistic, musical, and cinematograph works.
Industrial Designs: Protection for the aesthetic appearance/shape of an article.
Geographical Indications (GI): Protection for products originating from a specific location (e.g., Champagne, Darjeeling Tea).
Trade Secrets: Protection for confidential business information.
Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits: Protection for semiconductor chips.
Plant Variety Protection: Protection for new plant varieties (often via UPOV).
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