The history of Trade Unions in India is closely tied to the industrialization process and the freedom struggle. Its growth can be divided into four distinct phases:
Early Phase (Prior to 1918): During the late 19th century, labor movements were sporadic and unorganized. They were mostly led by social reformers like N.M. Lokhande (considered the "Father of the Labor Movement in India"), who founded the Bombay Millhands Association in 1890.
The Formative Phase (1918–1924): The aftermath of World War I saw a surge in inflation and political consciousness. The Madras Labour Union (1918), led by B.P. Wadia, was the first systematic trade union. In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed, providing a national platform for labor.
Legislative Recognition (1925–1947): The enactment of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 was a milestone, granting legal status and immunity to registered unions. During this time, unions became deeply involved in the nationalist movement, leading to various ideological splits.
Post-Independence Era: After 1947, unions multiplied but became fragmented along political lines. Major federations emerged, such as the INTUC (affiliated with Congress), HMS (Socialists), and CITU (Leftist).
Key Challenges: Today, Indian trade unions face challenges like "inter-union rivalry," political interference, and a shrinking membership in the formal sector due to the rise of the "gig economy" and contract labor.
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