Punishment is the grievance or penalty imposed by the State upon an individual who has been found guilty of violating the law. It is the "sanction" that gives the law its "teeth."
Essential Elements:
It must involve pain or unpleasantness to the offender.
It must be for an offense against legal rules.
It must be imposed by an authorized body (the State/Court).
Objectives: The primary goals are deterrence, retribution, prevention, and reformation.
Statutory References: Under Section 53 of the IPC (and corresponding provisions in the BNS), punishments include death, imprisonment for life, rigorous/simple imprisonment, forfeiture of property, and fines.
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