Historical View: In the University of Delhi v. Ram Nath case, the Supreme Court initially held that educational institutions were not industries because their primary objective was not commercial.
The Turning Point: In the landmark case of Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. A. Rajappa (1978), the Supreme Court established the "Triple Test." It ruled that if an institution (including a university or school) involves:
Systematic activity,
Cooperation between employer and employee,
Production/distribution of goods and services to satisfy human wants, ...then it is an Industry.
Current Status: Educational institutions are considered industries under this test, although "teachers" themselves are generally excluded from the definition of "workman" (though non-teaching staff are included).
Previous years solved LLB / BA-LLB question papers. Must have handbook for all the Law students of Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Whether an Educational Institution is an "Industry"
The legal status of educational institutions has evolved through landmark judicial interpretations:
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